Investigated clinical and behavioral predictors of complications of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Assessed barriers and facilitators in achieving optimal health outcomes. Highlighted the role of early diagnosis, treatment compliance, and health system gaps in complications of type-2 diabetes mellitus, Explored access to care among leprosy-affected individuals. Reviewed associations between uncontrolled diabetes/hypertension and cardiovascular events. Emphasized need for integrated chronic disease management. Reviewed 200 studies on the role of self-care in BP control. Found evidence supporting lifestyle changes, self-monitoring, and education.