Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is an emerging therapy for gastric motility disorders, showing improvement of gastroparesis related symptoms in previous studies. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and mast cells have been shown to have a relevant role in gastroparesis pathogenesis. However, the exact effects of GES in those cells is relatively unknown.
Full thickness biopsies (FTBx) of 20 patients with refractory gastroparesis were obtained at the time of GES placement and repeated when the device was exchanged (mean of 22.5 months between biopsies). A patient-reported outcomes survey was obtained during each office visit during this period. All biopsies were stained with cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117), S100, and mast cell tryptase antibodies and were analyzed.
Half of the patients had a significant increase of ICC during the repeated biopsy compared with baseline (p=0.01) and the other half had significant decrease in ICC levels (p=0.006) but there was no noticeable difference in mast cells counts at baseline between groups. Mast cells analysis was performed in two different groups depending on ICC change from the baseline biopsy (CD117 increase vs CD117 decrease). There was only a significant increase of mast cells count within the CD117 worsened ICC group (p=0.007).
No significant increase in the number of mast cells count seen in patients who received a GES may indicate an improvement in overall inflammation in patients with refractory gastroparesis after GES placement.
Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is primarily used in patients who have gastric motility disorders characterized by delayed gastric emptying without signs of mechanical obstruction [1]. GES therapy with the Medtronic Enterra system (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN) has been reported to reduce the clinical symptoms of gastric motility disorders like gastroparesis which is characterized by nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, anorexia, and abdominal pain [2].
The stomach triggers patterns of electromechanical activity through long-lasting waves of depolarization that begin in the corpus and slowly move down to the duodenum, which is termed the slow wave [3]. Gastric slow waves are myogenic in nature and persist even after blocking the nervous activity by isolating the stomach. ICC are electrically paired with smooth muscle cells so that depolarization is linked between ICC and muscle. If the depolarization is large enough to activate the smooth muscle L-type Ca2+ channels, then a contraction occurs [4]. This suggests that ICC has an important role in peristalsis of the stomach and the pathogenesis of gastroparesis. Wang et al. observed a marked reduction in the density of the intramuscular ICC and ICC located at submucosal border of the circular muscle layer at the antrum of rats with induced diabetes mellitus and decreased gastric emptying [5].
The exact mechanism of action of GES and its effect on the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) is relatively unknown, but previous studies hypothesized that GES acts via several mechanisms: early and durable gastric prokinetic effect, early anti-inflammatory effect, and early anti-arrhythmic effect [6]. Animal models in diabetic rats showed an increase of c-kit+ cells (molecular marker for ICC) within intramuscular and myenteric layers of antrum after long-pulse GES implant [7]. Mast cells are localized in the gastrointestinal tract and play a key role in the inflammatory process. Their activation could lead to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators without degranulation [8]. A number of studies have documented an increased number of mast cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa in patients with several gastrointestinal diseases, particularly in functional gastrointestinal disorders [9,10].
We hypothesized that permanent GES might have an effect on ICC cells and that actions of GES may correlate to the number of mast cells seen on full thickness biopsies (FTBx) of the stomach after stimulation.
The study population was comprised of 20 patients with a majority of females (n=19, 95%) and a mean age of 40.2 years. All patients had FTBx with GES placement for symptoms of gastroparesis uncontrolled with the conventional dietary and medication recommendation (the Initial System) and then subsequently had another FTBx (the Repeat System) when GES was replaced for technical reasons (usually symptoms of electrical shocking).
Among the patients, the underlying etiology of gastroparesis was idiopathic in 70% (n=14), diabetes mellitus in 20% (n= 4), and post-surgical in 10% (n=2), which is a similar representation of individuals who received GES for gastroparesis in larger studies. A mean of 22.5 months occurred from the initial system until the repeat system (time between biopsies) (Figure 1).
This study was approved by the University of Louisville Institutional Review Board under studies #17.0662 and #17.0673. All patients signed a standard informed consent prior to placement of the GES devices, both temporary and permanent.
Data was collected prospectively on all the subjects regarding their gastrointestinal symptoms using a standardized traditional patient reported outcomes (PRO) survey. The FTBx specimens were stained with cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117), S100, and mast cell tryptase antibodies. Appropriate positive controls were included for all specific stains. Two pathologists were blinded to clinical history and analyzed the biopsy specimens. The number of ICC cells per high power field (HPF, at 400x magnification) was counted and averaged over 10 fields within the muscularis propria. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, by standardized PRO as above, were measured at baseline and after each GES system implant. Results were compared by paired t-test for FTBx and with a mixed model adjusted for multiple comparisons for GI symptoms and reported as mean and standard error (SE). A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant and all analyses were performed using SAS statistical software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Patients were stratified based on the change in ICC from baseline to repeat full thickness biopsy. Those with an increase in ICC (n=10) and those with a decrease in ICC (n=10) at the time of repeat full thickness biopsy (See Figure 1-2). Comparisons of CD117 values between initial and repeat biopsies revealed changes in ICC were significantly increased (padj=0.01) or decreased (padj=0.006) in the improving ICC and worsening ICC groups, respectively. Initial CD117 were significantly lower in the improving group at baseline (padj<0.001) but were borderline significantly different with repeated biopsy (padj=0.08). Similar comparisons of the mast cells showed no statistically significant change in counts among the improving group, but showed significant increases in mast cells among those with worsening ICC counts (padj=0.007). Although there were no noticeable differences in mast cells counts at baseline, by the time of the repeated biopsy, the worsening group’s mast cell counts were significantly higher than those of the improving group (padj=0.04).
The group with increased ICC had lower GI symptoms than the decreased ICC group, but there was no statistically significant difference in symptoms between the two groups (all p > 0.05). See data in Table 1 and representative ICCs in Figure 2.
The effect of GES on ICC cells and mast cells is not well defined. We found, in this group of 20 patients, that GES was associated with increased ICC counts in about one-half of the patients. A recent study has reported that GES has improved the regeneration of ICCs in diabetic rats, which enhanced delayed gastric emptying [7], but to our knowledge, this is the first study that reports increasing ICC levels after GES placement in patients.
Increased levels of ICC, in our study, could be related to less inflammation, indirectly measured by mast cells levels, and partially attributed to GES. Prior studies reported improvement of serologic markers for inflammation with long-term electrical stimulation on the GI tract of animals and humans [11,12]. A previous study in mice showed delayed gastric emptying was associated with increased production of proinflammatory and reduced production of anti-inflammatory factors by macrophages, leading to loss of ICC [12].
Worsened levels of ICC were related with a significant increase of mast cell count (p=0.007). Also, there was an increase in the number of mast cells during repeated biopsy in both groups, but only was statistically significant in the group with worsened ICC (p=0.004). This data suggest that GES does not control all the inflammation within the population studied. The effect of GES in alternative pathways of inflammation seen in gastroparesis that does not involve mast cells should be studied.
It is crucial to understand the effect of GES on ICC, not only because of their important role in the pathogenesis of gastroparesis, but also because ICC count could predict improvement of gastroparesis symptoms in patients with neurostimulation. Omer et al. observed that patients with normal to moderate depletion of ICC showed better improvement in vomiting and bloating after GES therapy compared with patients who have severe depletion [13].
Future prospective studies, with larger sample sizes, and additional measures of inflammation are warranted to explore the observation that electrical stimulation may be associated with increased ICC counts in some patients.
Human subjects: Consent was obtained by all participants in this study. University of Louisville IRB issued approval 17.0662 and 17.0673. This study was approved by University of Louisville Institutional Review Board under studies #17.0662 and #17.0673. All patients signed a standard informed consent prior to placement of the GES devices, both temporary and permanent. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: Abell declare(s) Investigator from Medtronic. Abell declare(s) Investigator from Rhythm. Abell declare(s) Investigator from Theravance. Abell declare(s) Investigator from Vanda. Abell declare(s) Investigator from Allergan. Abell declare(s) Consultant from Theravance. Abell declare(s) GI Section Editor from MedStudy. Abell declare(s) GI Stimulation Editor from Neuromodulation Journal. Abell declare(s) GES Editor from WikiStim. Abell declare(s) Reviewer from UpToDate. Abell declare(s) a patent and Founder, holds intellectual propery covering some aspects of technology in this manuscript. from ADEPT-GI. Intellectual property info: Dr. Abell is the founder of ADEPT-GI, which holds intellectual property covering some aspects of technology in this manuscript. . Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
The authors would like to thank the Physicians and staff at Jewish Hospital and University of Louisville Department of Pathology, and to Catherine McBride for help in manuscript preparation.
10.7759/cureus.11458
Pontikos A, Jayakumar P, Rios Perez C, et al. (November 12, 2020) Gastric Electrical Stimulation Has an Effect on Gastric Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) That is Associated With Mast Cells. Cureus 12(11): e11458. doi:10.7759/cureus.11458
Received by Cureus: September 08, 2020
Peer review began: September 10, 2020
Peer review concluded: October 28, 2020
Published: November 12, 2020
© Copyright 2020
Pontikos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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