Objective: The role of immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma has expanded over the past decade triggering questions regarding the combination and timing of immunotherapy and radiation for brain metastases.

We used the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to see if the time from stereotactic radiation to immunotherapy in patients with melanoma brain metastases had an impact on survival.

Methods: We queried the NCDB from 2010-2015 for patients with melanoma brain metastases treated with immunotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined a time point most associated with outcome. Cox regression was used to identify predictors of survival. Propensity matching was done to account for indication bias.

Results: We identified 247 patients meeting the above criteria. The median patient age was 62 years (27-90) and the vast majorities were Caucasian (99%).  The median SRS dose was 22 Gy (18-24 Gy). The median time to SRS was 39 days (0-344) and the median time to immunotherapy was 56 days (6-454). The ROC analysis revealed 8 days from SRS to immunotherapy as associated with outcome. Fifty-six patients had immunotherapy prior to SRS, 30 patients had immunotherapy within 0-7 days of SRS, and the remaining 161 had immunotherapy greater than 7 days from SRS. Three year survival rates were 21%, 55%, and 35% for those timeframes, respectively (p=0.0153). Propensity matching of the 0-7 day and > 7 day groups yielded 28 pairs and Kaplan Meier analysis showed 3 year overall survival of 55% and 35%, in favor of immunotherapy within 7 days of SRS (p=0.0357). Multivariable Cox regression identified lack of extracranial disease, more recent year of treatment, and time from SRS to immunotherapy of 0-7 days as predictors of improved survival.

Conclusion: Immunotherapy within 7 days of SRS appears to improve outcomes in patients with melanoma brain metastases.