E-Learning Satisfaction and Barriers in Unprepared and Resource-Limited Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background The sudden and quick propagation of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) has disrupted face-to-face lectures and practical sessions at Iraqi universities. E-learning has surfaced in most countries as an alternative way to continue educational programs. This study aimed to determine the degree of satisfaction and perceived barriers among college students with E-learning. Methods Students of two Iraqi universities studying through an online platform participated in this cross-sectional study. An online survey questionnaire was used to assess student perceptions of the level of satisfaction with and barriers to E-learning. Participants' non-identifying demographics were also collected. Results The majority of students (70.9%) were females, and more than half (57.9%) were from the Faculty of Science. About 64.8% of the students were not satisfied with the E-learning experience. Only 35.5% of the students attended synchronous electronic classes while the rest used asynchronous learning activities. Students’ level of satisfaction was poor, as only 6.4% of students strongly believed that tutoring was informative and that technology and educational technology were adequate. On the contrary, 69% of students strongly agreed that E-learning saved them time and money. Barriers that were perceived by the student were slow internet speed, power interruption, and the lack of face-to-face interaction. Conclusions E-learning has significant barriers that require investment in infrastructures and teaching skills development to make students learning satisfactory.


Introduction
The unprecedented outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disrupted education worldwide [1]. As a result, all educational institutions were forced to close [2], a step that has led to a drastic and complete switching to the electronic learning (E-learning) mode to stop the COVID-19 from spreading [3]. Globally, an estimated two billion students have been impacted by school delays since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic [4]. To maintain the educational process's sustainability, E-learning has surfaced as a convenient platform for learning [5][6].
The term E-learning is used here to indicate distance learning that uses online courses and materials through electronic devices and is hence called E-learning. E-learning has several advantages as well as disadvantages. Some of its advantages include strengthening student centricity, providing more flexibility [7], and increasing student interaction through asynchronous and synchronous resources [8][9]. Moreover, the E-learning platform offers learners content and time control; thus, serving the learning goals and learner's needs in a more advantageous manner [10]. Furthermore, it offers swift accessibility since it is web-based, and once the content is published, users can access it at any time and anywhere, provided that internet access is available [11]. Navarro and Shoemaker have shown that students who used E-learning were able to assimilate skills perhaps better than students who studied traditionally [12]. E-learning was also effective in the case of students who are quiet, easily intimidated, and slow learners who are unable to speak up and show themselves in a classroom environment [13].
On the other hand, several drawbacks, such as lack of interest, delayed feedback or encouragement, or feelings of loneliness due to the lack of physical presence of classmates have been reported with E-learning systems [14]. Therefore, both tutors and students came across many challenges, and universities are facing challenges in keeping course content consistent and valid [8]. Hence, further studies are needed to identify the specifics that enhance the advantages of E-learning, especially in systems with limited educational experiences in this field where E-learning is still in its infancy [15]. In Iraq, alongside conventional classrooms, many public universities have launched restricted attempts to use the E-learning offering most of their learning services online during the COVID-19 pandemic, including lectures and various evaluations across multiple platforms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the satisfaction of college students using Elearning and to investigate the perceived barriers that affect the ability to deliver online courses.

Materials And Methods
A structured questionnaire was prepared to include four main sections. Section 1 comprised sociodemographic data. Section 2 was related to the facilities, devices, Internet network, E-learning program, and the learning system of the college. Section 3 included students' perspectives of tutor performance and college support. Section 4 comprised questions regarding barriers experienced by students. With a few minor modifications, the questionnaire is borrowed from the previous findings by Ibrahim NK [16]. Sections 3 and 4 of the questionnaires were analyzed using the 5-point Likert scale. The Medical Council of Wasit University/College of Medicine deemed the study exempt from ethical approval for the anonymity of participants.
This questionnaire was piloted with 20 randomly selected students who were excluded from the final study to enhance questionnaire clarity. The questionnaire was sent out to all undergraduate students of the Humanity and the Science colleges of the two largest Iraqi universities, AL-Iraqia University and Wasit University (studies ending up with bachelor's degrees). First and second-year students were excluded, as they did not have any on-campus learning experience. Data were collected from the 5th to the 20th of January 2021.

Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using the SPSS software program version 26 released in 2019 by IBM Corp, Armonk, NY. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency and percentage for categorical data and using mean ± standard deviation for quantitative data. The participants' satisfaction level was divided into 'satisfied' and 'not satisfied' by the cutoff point mean of 3.40 (the mean above 3.40 is corresponding to the agree and strongly agree responses), and this is based on the mean of the 5-point Likert scale system regarding tutor quality, perceived usefulness, and facilitating condition. The chi-square test was used to assess any association between a categorical variable, and multiple linear regression was done to know the predictors for the satisfaction and barriers. A P-value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results
Out of a total number of 870 students who were invited to participate in this survey, 800 students (91.95%) responded and were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 22.05±1.95 years. In Table 1, the females represented (70.9%) of the participants. More than half of the participants 473 (59.1%) live in urban and city centers. Three-hundred fifty-five (44.4%) participants were from families with a monthly salary between 500 and 1-million Iraqi Dinars (400-800 American USD).

TABLE 1: Sociodemographic features of the participants in this study
More than half of the participants (57.9%) were studying at the college of science. The majority of the students (726; 81.8%) used home Wi-Fi to access the internet and attend E-classes ( Table 1). Most students (72%) used cell phones for electronic learning. Others used iPad (14.7%) and computers (13.3%), respectively. Online attendance (synchronous learning) was low, as only 35.5% of students indicated having attended E-classes by Google Meet followed by 31.5% for Google Classroom.
Students' degree of agreement with the satisfaction criteria varied ( Table 2). Only 118 students (14.8%) strongly agreed that the tutor properly and accurately committed to the course timetable and the planned time. Furthermore, 115 students (14.4%) believed that the tutors were patient when they interacted with the students and the E-class, whereas 51 students (6.4%) strongly believed that their tutors were knowledgeable in Information and Communication Technologies. There is a specialist department of E-learning with enough experience in the college.

TABLE 2: Frequency distribution of the satisfaction criteria of students
The majority of students (552, 69%) perceived E-learning as useful and strongly agreed that they are saving more time and money than before. Some students (92, 11.5%) strongly agree that they can understand the subjects without the need for external resources. However, about a quarter of the students (213, 26.6%) strongly believed that colleges did not provide enough supporting technical materials. Furthermore, 110 students (13.8%) strongly disagree that the college staff were supportive and motivated for distance learning.
The perceived barriers to E-learning were variable ( Table 3). The most common barrier was limited resources (Internet access and electrical power) (n=650) with a mean of 4.28±1.00, followed by the unsuitability of some disciplines or the contents for E-learning such as clinical teaching (4.04±1.09). The mean for total barriers was 3.53±0.82 while the mean for total satisfaction (tutor quality, perceived usefulness, and facilitating condition) was 3.07±0.83 (Minimum mean=1 and the maximum=5). About two-thirds (n=518; 64.75%) of the students were not satisfied with the E-learning provided by their colleges, whereas 282 (35.25%) were satisfied.   Positive associations between the satisfaction level of the students were identified with female gender, fourth year of study, city center location, and house income of more than ($350, IQD 500,000) (   Table 5 shows significant positive relationships between age and college type with satisfaction level regarding the E-learning (P-value<0.001) as well as gender and perceived barriers of E-learning (P-value<0.001). While the monthly family salary and the college stage were significantly negatively associated with E-learning barriers (P-value=0.015, 0.023, and 0.023, respectively).

Discussion
The abrupt switch of teaching and learning to new platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges that educational institutions were obliged to deal with. The use of technology was the only option to avoid more disruptions or a total shut-down in education. Several educational platforms became popular and have replaced the "traditional" classroom. In this study, the most used platform to attend the online lectures was Google Meet. Google Meet and Classes were generally preferred for their effectiveness in teaching, learning, at no cost, and use on any device at any time [17]. Moreover, Google Classroom allows instructors and learners to create and manage classes, make assignments and grade the assignments online, as well as add digital materials such as YouTube videos and Google Forms to the assignments [18].
More than one-third of the participants of this study felt that using adequate supportive methods for delivering lectures (presentations, YouTube, pre-recorded videos, etc.) would aid their learning. Prerecorded lectures are preferred [19]. However, active-learning strategies are important to consider [20].
The students did not feel that E-learning prepared them well for the exam due to poor comprehension. The same findings are supported by other studies [21]. This outcome did not seem to be balanced by the other advantages of E-learning such as ease of access to educational resources and tutor support. Technical support was found to influence the perceived ease of use and usefulness, which leads to students developing their experience in new technologies [22].
Traditional education is more costly as students have to spend money on transportation and other preparations. It also consumes time that could be used for studying or doing other learning activities. Our study has shown that most students saved time and money with E-learning. Al-Sammarraie et al. conducted a study among 400 Pakistani students and found that money and time are the most important factors affecting campus students [23]. Saving time and cost is a considerable advantage of E-learning.
Although E-learning has significantly served the current pandemic situation at present, it faces many obstacles. The main issues were due to limited resources, such as Internet availability and quality, as well as an electrical power supply, which could be unpredictable in countries with weak infrastructure such as Iraq [24]. For some students, a lack of adequate computer skills makes it difficult to use E-learning facilities because they are unable to properly communicate with their tutors to obtain the information and extra tuition that they need. These obstacles will put them at a level behind their peers. A similar barrier was identified among other students such as pharmacology students in India [25]. Instability of electricity, slow Internet connection, lack of training, and preparation for the use of online learning platforms lead to students' dissatisfaction [16].
Institutions may consider E-learning more malleable to the theoretical components of the syllabus but it falls behind when it comes to courses with practical components. Medical and dentistry students of Queen's University Belfast indicated that E-learning in a practical set-up is useful [26]. However, this did not apply to all their students, as those students who preferred a more superficial approach to learning, like using online checklists, did not perform as well in real-time when attending Objective Structured Clinical Examination OSCEs [26]. In measuring total satisfaction means, only 35.25% were satisfied with their experience. A study of the implementation of E-learning environments in higher education in Sweden and Lithuania found that course content and curriculum type are significantly associated with the level of acceptance [27].
Blended learning might be an optimal educational approach to use. A research group in Turkey has found that most students preferred blended learning [28]. In Zambia, a high acceptance rate of blended learning (>75%) was found. The flexibility in the educational style, the easier access to learning resources in times of limited internet access or electrical power, and the opportunities to have face-to-face encounters in combination with streamlined feedback provision constitute the main reasons why students prefer blended learning compared to fully face-to-face or online education [29][30].
Our study had limitations that limited the generalization of its results to all students or colleges in Iraq. The small sample size, the general limitation of the survey questionnaire, and the lack of prior data or studies to build on are a few of the main limitations. However, results can be utilized to inform educators and institutions when structuring curricula and designing learning activities. Conducting another research that is based on the teachers' perspective besides the students' perspective is recommended.

Conclusions
Although E-learning was the only choice for teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, the absolute dependence on E-learning was challenging. Most of the students at the selected universities were not satisfied with the E-learning process. Power failures and slow Internet speed were the main barriers.
We recommend enhanced training for tutors and students on online learning platforms and blended learning in order to overcome the problems. Universities should invest in, and incrementally introduce, blended learning even after the end of the pandemic to support traditional learning and communication. Larger and diverse study samples from other universities are recommended for future research to draw accurate conclusions and construct recommendations for advancing education.

Additional Information Disclosures
Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.