Assessment of Academic Motivation Level of Undergraduate Medical Students of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Objective To assess the academic motivation level of undergraduate medical students of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Methods A total of 378 Poonch Medical College (PMC) students were included in this cross-sectional study. The academic motivation scores of the study subjects were measured using a 28-item, five-point Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) questionnaire originally developed by Deci and Ryan (1985). The tool was checked for internal consistency and was interviewer-administered. Motivation level was quantitatively presented and compared across gender and medical years. Results The highest mean motivation score (4.04 ± 2.71) was observed for the statement "Because this will help me make a better choice regarding my career orientation." The following statements showed a statistically significantly higher mean motivation level in females as compared to males: "Because eventually, it will enable me to enter the job market in a field that I like" (p .008) and "for the pleasure that I experience when I read interesting authors" (p .001). But for the statement, "I once had good reasons for going to college; however, now I wonder whether I should continue," males showed a higher motivation level (p. 0.19). A statistically significant difference in mean motivation level was seen across medical years for the following statements: "For the intense feelings I experience when I am communicating my own ideas to others," "For the pleasure that I experience when I read interesting authors," "Because this will help me make a better choice regarding my career orientation," "For the satisfaction I feel when I am in the process of accomplishing difficult academic activities," and "Because I want to show myself that I can succeed in my studies" (p-value <.05). Conclusion This study analyzed mean motivation scores for all AMS questions. The study identified that the most common motivational factor for pursuing medical education was because the students thought this will help them make a better choice regarding their career orientation.


Introduction
Motivation is defined in the literature as follows: "The process whereby goal-directed activity is instigated and sustained [1]; An internal state that arouses, directs, and maintains behavior [2]; An internal force that activates, guides, and maintains behavior over time [3]." Motivational problems are very common in education. One of the greatest frustrations mentioned by many teachers is that their students are often not motivated to learn. A student that is academically motivated wants to learn, likes learning-related activities, and improves academically [4].
The role of motivation in learning was mentioned through a detailed literature review by Deci [5]. According to these researchers, human behavior is either intrinsically or extrinsically motivated or amotivated [6]. Intrinsic motivation is the drive to pursue an activity simply for the pleasure or satisfaction derived from it, extrinsic motivation is pursuing an activity out of a sense of obligation, or as a means to an end, and amotivation means the absence of intent or drive to pursue an activity due to one's failure to establish contingencies between the activity and their behavior [5].
After a few years, Vallerand et al. (1989) expanded the initial description, introducing a new division of three subtypes of intrinsic motivation referred to in the academic milieu: orientation toward knowledge (the task is carried out for the pleasure of learning), orientation toward achievement (satisfaction emerges when products are generated or when one's own limits are overcome), and orientation toward stimulating experiences (it involves activities developed to perceive comforting aesthetics or intellectual or sensorial sensations [6]. Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) is one of the most used instruments to measure the motivation level of students toward learning. Originally, the scale consisted of 28-item seven-point Likert scales [7]. The scale showed a very high level of internal and external consistency in various researches [7][8][9].
After an extensive literature search through PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library using five keywords (motivation, medical, education, student, and Pakistan), we did not find any study done in Pakistan that measures the academic motivation level of medical students in Pakistan. In the current study, we aim to assess the academic motivation level of undergraduate medical students of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, using the 28-item Academic Motivation Scale.

Materials And Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2018 to October 2018 at Poonch Medical College (PMC), Rawalakot. The sample size was calculated by the following formula: n = z2*p(1-p)/e2. At a prevalence rate of .50, an error rate of .05 and a z value of 1.96, the required sample size was 384. There are 500 undergraduate medical students studying at PMC. In order to get the required sample size, all undergraduate medical students of either gender were recruited in this study. Out of these, 378 returned the questionnaire/agreed/consented to fill the questionnaire (response rate = 75.6%). The study questionnaire used was the 28-item AMS questionnaire [6]. The five-factor variant of the study questionnaire was used here because of its correspondence with the original proposal from Deci and Ryan [5]. The study questionnaire was checked for internal consistency. The study questionnaires, along with informed written consent forms, were distributed to the medical students by the researcher himself. The purpose of the study was clearly explained, and adequate time (30 minutes) was given to each respondent to complete the questionnaire.

Statistical analysis
The Cronbach alpha test was done to assess the internal consistency of the study questionnaire (α=.767). Descriptive statistics were used to present the baseline characteristics. The respondents' level of motivation was assessed by 28 questions; each of these questions had possible answers arranged in five-point Likert scales. Points in the Likert scale were assigned as follows: 1 = does not correspond at all, 2 = corresponds a little, 3 = corresponds moderately, 4 = corresponds a lot, and 5 = corresponds exactly. These points were used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis values for the 28 items. The mean motivation score difference between male and female students was calculated by the independent samples ttest. A test for normality was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests (both tests revealed the non-normal distribution of motivation scores for all 28 items). The mean motivation score difference for different medical years was obtained by the Kruskal-Wallis test.
The analysis was performed at a 95% confidence interval using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results
A total of 378 undergraduate medical students were included in this study and, among them, 267 (70.6%) were females. The frequencies of students from the medical years were as follows: 75 (19.8%) from the first year, 94 (24.9%) from the second year, 63 (16.7%) from the third year, 66 (17.5%) from the fourth year, and 80 (21.2%) from the fifth year. The mean age of all the students was 21.65 ± 1.59 years.
The mean motivation scores of all 28 items are presented in Table 1. The highest mean motivation score was observed for item 17 (4.04 ± 2.71) and the lowest score was observed for item 5 (2.11 ± 134). Table 2 shows the responses to the 28-item five-point Likert scale AMS questionnaire. For all the items, except items 1, 5, 12, 19, and 26, the highest number of respondents chose "corresponds a lot." The mean motivation score difference in the 28 items between male and female students is presented in Table 3. The statistically significant differences in the mean motivation levels of males and females were observed for items 10, 11, 12 (p-values .008, .001, and .019, respectively). The mean motivation scores of the students from Years 1 to 5 are presented in Table 4. The statistically significant mean score difference in students depending on the medical years exists for items 4, 11, 17, 20, and 28 (p-values .048, .010, .002, .027, and .016, respectively). Tables 2-4 have been graphically represented in Figures 1-3

Discussion
Based on the self-determination theory, the AMS probably is the most used instrument for the assessment of student motivation. It has been used in many countries and versions in different languages are available [10]. In the current study, the questionnaire was not translated into Urdu, as all the medical students at PMC had excellent competence in the English language. Research carried out in Spain, the United States of America, Greece, and Paraguay focused mostly on college students and found a better statistic fit for this seven-factor model in contrast with the five-, three-, and one-factor solutions [11][12][13]. The current study used the five-factor model because of its correspondence with the original Deci  The mean motivation scores of all 28-items were different and ranged from 2.11 to 4.04. The highest mean motivation (4.04 ± 2.71) score was obtained for the statement: "Because this will help me make a better choice regarding my career orientation." This might be due to the study subjects being medical students, as the medical students are, in general, more study-and career-oriented as compared to most of the other disciplines. In 25 out of 28 items, no significant difference in mean motivation score between males and females was observed. This might be because of all the medical students having a similar general ambition, with all of them wanting to be doctors and serving humanity. If the study samples were taken from schoolor college-level students, the opposite result could have been observed. The current study observed the fluctuations in the mean motivation levels as the medical year progresses. This study encourages further quantitative and qualitative studies to identify the factors responsible for these fluctuations.
After an extensive literature search, no current study was found that measured the Academic Motivation Level (AML) of medical students. This study measured the AML of Pakistan Medical College students but due to the unavailability of relevant studies, the motivation level could not be compared with similar studies.
Being a single-centered study, the study findings should not be generalized for all Pakistani medical students. Due to the lack of a similar study, the study findings could not be compared with those of other studies. Further similar studies should be conducted to compare the AML of students in different institutions.

Conclusions
AMS is a well-verified and reliable instrument to measure the motivation levels of students. This study identified the mean motivation level of PMC students and compared the mean differences across gender and medical year. The study identified that the most common motivational factor for pursuing medical education was because the students thought this will help them make a better choice regarding their career orientation. More, similar studies are needed to compare our study findings.