The Therapeutic Use of Impella Device in Cardiogenic Shock: A Systematic Review

Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) devices nowadays have been linked to cardiogenic shock (CS) due to the importance of their use as therapeutic instruments. This study aims to review pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiogenic shock and the implementation of Impella to overcome this condition. To investigate several different types of studies and analyze the use of Impella device in cardiogenic shock and the outcomes of heart malfunctioning and determine its positive and negative impacts as a therapeutic tool in cardiac ischemia and use as a resource in critical patients, we conducted a systematic review through different databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and used the Medical Subjects Heading (MeSH) search strategy to obtain significant articles. We found 883 papers in total, and after removing duplicates, applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, and finding the most significant information, we ended up with 30 articles that were reviewed containing information about the impact of Impella device in cardiogenic shock in different locations. The study strongly concludes that Impella device in the setting of cardiogenic shock has more advantages than disadvantages in terms of outcomes and complications as a non-pharmacologic tool. Improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction and signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock criteria were determinants. Nevertheless, complications during the implementation and use of the device were established; in this manner, the evaluation and treatment of each patient separately are imperative. Consequently, more studies on this relevant topic are needed.


Introduction And Background
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is one of the most common complications and the leading cause of death in patients with a diagnosis of cardiac ischemia. The left coronary artery that supplies most of the left ventricle is the most frequently affected artery, which leads to left heart failure and subsequently right heart failure. The pump's exhaustion due to cardiac insults provokes the left ventricular diastolic and systolic pressures to compensate improperly. As a result, there is low circulation and oxygen supply to the cardiac cells, affecting the stroke volume. This increases the venous pressure backward and overwhelms the pulmonary circulation. In addition to these events, the cardiac output is insufficient while supplying blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the tissues, which leads to end-organ hypoperfusion, systemic vasoconstriction, and generalized hypoxia [1,2]. CS criteria are defined by systolic blood pressure (SBP) of <90 mmHg for more than 30 minutes or supportive intervention to preserve the systolic pressure when it is >90 mmHg, in addition to the evidence of organ failure (mental impairment, urine output of <30 ml/hour, or cold extremities) [3]. The frequency of CS is 5%-10% in acute cardiac ischemia and has increased twofold between 2004 and 2014. The mortality associated with this condition is around 50% in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [1,4,5].
Currently, coronary revascularization and the use of inotropes are the principal keys to approaching AMI associated with CS [1]. Although clinical and interventional treatment is a tool for this scenario and is established as part of the guidelines, the management is sometimes not enough to meet the needs of a patient with AMI complicated with CS. For that reason, some devices can be used in this situation, such as the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), the left atrial-femoral artery bypass (TandemHeart, LivaNova, Houston, TX), the veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), and the Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) device [6].
toward the left cavity of the ventricle. It continuously extracts blood from the left cavity and unloads it into the arterial circulation, improving circulation, preventing systemic hypotension and tissue hypofunction, and decreasing the severity of the complications. However, some factors, such as age and lactate levels, could be decisive in their use [8,9].
Nowadays, the use of these appliances in the heart scenarios mentioned above has increased. The aim of interventional cardiology has rapidly and favorably changed. Even though some studies on the outcomes of using Impella devices in CS already exist, science must constantly update the information and integrate these devices into management to gain a better understanding of the effects in serious conditions such as CS. Given this, there are currently more research studies being conducted regarding this topic, and as evidence emerges, new mechanisms or protocols can be modified in order to deeply understand their uses in cardiology. In this systematic review, we seek to analyze various study results from the application of the Impella device to collect information on cardiovascular disease. Figure 1 illustrates the pathophysiology of CS.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 checklist [10]. As secondary data from published articles were used, ethical approval was not taken into consideration.

Inclusion criteria
We have included articles written in English in the last five years and peer-reviewed, studies done in humans, and all types of studies and settings. We focused this research on the intervention of the Impella device in cardiogenic shock in patients who are 65+ years old.

Exclusion criteria
We did not include articles written in languages other than English, studies done in animals or in patients younger than 65 years old, gray literature, unpublished articles, or articles done before 2017. Population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) criteria were used as a framework for our eligibility criteria.

Data selection and extraction
Two researchers decided to select and extract studies related to the topic. The researchers resolved this systematic review step by step and discussed different study designs and outcomes and the inclusion and exclusion criteria for screening and assortment. If there was an inconclusive article, both would analyze it and take a decision after asking the third and fourth author.
Through the three databases, 877 articles were selected after the removal of duplicates by EndNote (Clarivate, Philadelphia, PA) software. We applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria with the search strategy at the beginning of the screening and identified articles directly related to the topic. The researchers analyzed the articles during the screening process, and a total of 30 articles were selected.

Quality assessment
The studies selected by two independent researchers were qualified to decrease the probability of bias and to ensure proper selection and high-quality scores. Clinical trials were evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool (RoB 2). Observational studies (case-control and cohort) were assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, case report/series by Case Report (CARE) guideline checklist, and systematic review/meta-analysis by Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic (AMSTAR) checklist. Every paper was reviewed using the previously mentioned quality assessment tools, and those with an average quality score of more than 75% were selected.

Results
Using different methods across the databases, we found 877 records in total. Three hundred thirty-eight of them were found in ScienceDirect, 523 in PubMed, and 22 in Google Scholar. Before the screening and selection of the studies, we manually removed six duplicates. The 877 articles were thoroughly assessed for relevance in their titles and abstracts. As a result, we were able to exclude 834 articles due to their lack of relevance regarding the topic, aims, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, and they are exhibited in Figure 2 [10]. Therefore, 43 articles were sought for retrieval, and after going through all of them, we further removed 10 studies. We assessed 33 articles for eligibility, and three articles did not achieve the quality appraisal required and thus were excluded.

Review Discussion
The effect of the Impella device on patients with CS from various etiologies is covered in this section. This includes results, timing, route accessibility, and difficulties. A diagnosis of CS is based on SBP <90 mmHg for more than 30 minutes, supportive therapy to maintain SBP above 90 mmHg, and signs of end-organ damage (altered mental status, decreased urine output, or cold extremities) [3]. Numerous articles published in recent years have shown that the use of the Impella device on patients experiencing cardiogenic shock leads to better results. The studies evaluated in this systematic review showed multiple aspects and outcomes regarding the use of Impella devices. The well-established benefits revealed the improvement of cardiac function and systemic circulation and decreased the severity of the illnesses.

Outcomes
In studies conducted on patients with CS treated with the Impella device, gender was initially the first variable examined, and after the analysis of the results, it was determined that there was no difference between males and females in terms of the outcomes [15]. The improvement in cardiac function was perceived after using the Impella device in these patients. However, before this device was implanted, risk factors, such as age and lactate levels, had to be considered before deciding the management [9].
Different scenarios, including mitral valve regurgitation (MVR), Takotsubo syndrome, pulmonary embolism (PE), out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, severe aortic stenosis, valvular disorders associated with ischemia, biventricular failure, ischemic and non-ischemic CS, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and percutaneous coronary intervention in high-risk patients, could be complicated with CS, but the benefits of this device were higher in all circumstances [11][12][13]16,17,26,28,31,32,35]. These studies also demonstrated the efficacy of cardiac mechanical support by the Impella device, improving survival and becoming an important tool to manage CS despite the etiology. During hospitalization decision-making by physicians regarding cardiac mechanical support, there was a 2.5-fold increase in the placement of microaxial left ventricular assisting devices (4.1%-9.8%) compared to a reduction in IABP (34.8%-30.0%) between 2015 and 2017. Consequently, it is a significant trend nowadays [14].
The Impella device has been demonstrated to enhance coronary microcirculation by emptying the left ventricular chamber, which contributes to a decrease in endocardial pressure and, as a result, lower coronary circulation resistance, resulting in favorable filling within the microcirculation. During coronary angiography, PressureWire was used to evaluate this finding; later, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no myocardial damage, confirming this statement [20]. Pieri et al. compared patients treated with the Impella device to IABP, measuring cardiac enzymes. The Impella device showed an inferior peak of troponins and creatine phosphokinase compared to IABP; furthermore, at six months, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 45% and 50%, respectively, proving minor muscle injury and the recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction. All the data was statistically significant [35]. In an analysis presented by Markus et al., patients with AMI associated with CS who had the Impella device implanted exhibited a decreased renal resistive index, improving the perfusion of the kidney through the renal arteries without changing the blood pressure and maintaining appropriate circulation. The performance of a Doppler ultrasound in renal circulation corroborated the results [29]. Pappalardo et al. showed that the Impella device in association with other devices as VA-ECMO was significant, showing a superior recovery and reducing hospital mortality by 47% compared to 80% for VA-ECMO alone [34].

Timing
The factor "time" must be deliberately selected. In a comprehensive review and meta-analysis, Impella was used as a tool before percutaneous coronary intervention, demonstrating no cardiac arrest and having a positive impact on survival rate. Nevertheless, at 30 days, the mortality rate for CS patients remained high [23]. In a study conducted in Arizona, 262 high-risk patients had the implantation of Impella devices, which were later analyzed. The main finding was a significant difference in the outcomes related to "time." They came to the conclusion that "prompt positioning" seemed to have better results than "belated positioning" in terms of in-hospitalization and one-year all-cause death rates [27].
In another article, Meraj et al. discussed that prior to percutaneous coronary intervention, the implantation of the Impella 2.5 had an improvement in survival compared to post-percutaneous coronary intervention, shown by the Kaplan-Meier curve at 30 days (12.5% versus 48.8%) [30].

Route of access
Peripheral access can be challenging in a hospital setting, especially in patients with the diagnosis of CS. Therefore, it is important to mention that in this instance, the use of transcaval emergency mechanical cardiac support Impella 5.0 implantation was successful [6]. Axillary artery access has also shown effectiveness in patients with an aorto-iliac approach [21]. Another analysis was made when the axillary Impella was implanted in patients who needed temporary cardiac support, demonstrating better results [36]. Hence, in these cases, such routes of access can be feasible to consider.

Complications
Bleeding was the most common adverse effect during the use of Impella devices [8]. Oezkur et al. found that 53.3% of the patients had coagulation issues, specifically related to acquired von Willebrand syndrome, despite being treated with heparin to maintain a normal activated partial thromboplastin time range. In this situation, the anticoagulation factor should be considered in patients with Impella placement and should be monitored during its use [33]. The phenomenon of acquired von Willebrand disease is common; thus, assessing high-risk patients is a crucial component to prevent bleeding as a complication [18]. According to Goldfarb et al., the loss of high-molecular-weight multimers is a key factor in the diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand syndrome. Blood tests to identify von Willebrand factor activity, fibrinogen, factor VIII, or von Willebrand factor antigen were required in 10 cases where bleeding (mucosal hemorrhage or low hemoglobin) was detected. These patients with these findings also showed high, normal, or elevated levels of "low-molecular-weight multimers." Due to these findings, type II von Willebrand syndrome (qualitative deficiency) has been recognized. As a result, future intraoperative placement of similar devices, heart transplants, or operations while receiving mechanical cardiac support could all have implications [19]. In a study conducted in a tertiary care facility, renal dysfunction was found to be a common adverse effect in patients with cardiogenic shock and high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention. In another one, hemolysis was also reported as a side effect of the application of biventricular Impella (BiPella) in patients with biventricular failure [22,26]. According to Tarabichi et al., seven out of 21 patients experienced complications such as arm ischemia (axillary access), neuropathy, or Impella device malfunction [36].
Twelve patients with AMI and CS were included in a prospective randomized trial; unfavorable outcomes were also presented and reported; these findings were related to the placement of an Impella in combination with IABP and inotropes, showing no significant changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at one month and being deemed "harmful" by bleeding complications [8]. Despite the theory of hemodynamic improvement using this device, the use of Impella device in CS remains poor in some cases [22]. All of these findings and outcomes may be crucial in the development of new devices and new strategies for the treatment of patients with CS.
Given those mentioned above, in the majority of the studies, the Impella device has been shown to improve the outcomes in patients with CS caused by various etiologies. Nevertheless, it is essential to consider each patient separately because each of them has unique characteristics that may have an impact on the final result, inside and outside of the hospital. When it comes to timing, complications, and access routes, it is indeed critical to learn from errors and use new techniques if problems appear during the treatment. It is also important to develop similar tools such as in the DanGer Shock trial, which was demonstrated to be the first designed powered randomized trial, which determined that mechanical cardiac support with Impella device positioning can increase the expectancy of life in patients suffering from AMI associated with CS [37].
In this manner, we could address and refine patient decisions with advanced criteria depending on the case.

Limitations
Our systematic review revealed some limitations. First, only English-language studies from three databases between 2017 and 2022 were included in this study. Second, different study types, such as observational, randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, were selected; as a result, there are variations in the samples and statistical methods, making our revision susceptible to bias. Third, due to the high complexity of the disease and the use of mechanical cardiac support, some studies were conducted with small samples, and finally, the total follow-up was variable in different studies. In this scenario, it is important to highlight that studies with larger samples are desirable to get more conclusive results in order to assure the presence of significant benefits among these patients and later on have a better understanding of the complications.

Conclusions
We concluded, based on the information collected, that most patients with a diagnosis of CS have an improvement using the Impella device. This evaluation was founded on the left ventricular ejection fraction, improvement in the CS criteria signs and symptoms, and favorable response in the follow-ups. There are feasible alternatives by other access routes with the same benefit when patients present difficult access during device implantation by a conventional route. The Impella device may also improve patient outcomes when it comes to timing, a crucial consideration in decision-making. Although any patient could experience an adverse event, it is essential to evaluate and treat each patient distinctively based on their characteristics. We corroborated that the use of this device in these kinds of patients would be widely useful during cardiac support to improve their management and prognosis. Future recommendations include leading and piloting more studies, especially cohorts and randomized controlled trials with larger samples, combinations of therapies, longer follow-up times, and monitoring of complications. These ideas are mentioned in order to gain a clear view of the results after employing this device on CS and perhaps fill some gaps and discrepancies found during this systematic review. Therefore, it is important to mention that more investigation regarding the Impella device is needed to refine and elaborate future evidence.

Conflicts of interest:
In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.